?????????: 0 ??????: ???? ?????? ??? ?????: 23-07-2025 ??????: ????
??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ????????. ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????.
??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????.
????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???:
??????? ??????? (??? ???? ??????? 8.8? 10.9? 12.9)
????? SAE (??? ???? ??????? ???? 2? ???? 5? ???? 8)
?????? ASTM (??? ???? ??????? ASTM A574 ??????? ???? ??? ??????)
????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ISO 898-1 ?? DIN 912. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???:
??? ????: 800 ???? ?????? (~116,000 ??? ??? ???? ?????)
??? ??????: 640 ???? ?????? (~93000 ??? ??? ???? ?????)
??????: ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????
?????????: ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????
??? ????: 1000 ???? ?????? (~145,000 ??? ??? ???? ?????)
??? ??????: 900 ???? ?????? (~130.000 ??? ??? ???? ?????)
??????: ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????
?????????: ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????
??? ????: 1200 ???? ?????? (~174,000 ??? ??? ???? ?????)
??? ??????: 1080 ???? ?????? (~156,000 ??? ??? ???? ?????)
??????: ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????
?????????: ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????
?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? SAE (????? ?????? ????????):
??? ????: ~ 74,000 ??? ??? ???? ?????
??????: ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????
?????????: ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????
??? ????: 120,000 ??? ??? ???? ?????
??????: ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????
?????????: ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????
??? ????: 150,000 ??? ??? ???? ?????
??????: ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????
?????????: ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????
ASTM A574 ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? 180.000 ??? ??? ???? ?????.
????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????:
??????? ???????? (??????? 8.8? ?????? 5): ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????.
????? ????? (??????? 10.9? 12.9? ?????? 8): ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?? ??????????.
??????? ??????? ????? (A2/A4): ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? (????? 80000 ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? A2-70).
??????????: ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????.
?????? ???????? ????????:
??????? ????????: ???? ?? ??????? ?????? (?????? ??????? 10.9? 12.9? ????? 8).
???? ??????: ???? ????? ??????? ?????? (?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????).
????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????:
??????? ???????: ?????? ??????? (??? ???? ??????? '8.8' '10.9').
????? SAE: ?????? ???????? (?????? 5 = 3 ????? ?????? 8 = 6 ????).
??????? ??????? ?????: ?????? 'A2' ?? 'A4'.
??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? (??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????).
| ???? ???? ????????? | ??????? |
|---|---|
| ???? 8.8 / ???? 5 | ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? |
| ???? 10.9 / ???? 8 | ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? |
| ???? 12.9 | ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? |
| ??????? ??????? ????? (A2/A4) | ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? |
| ?????????? | ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? |
??????? ???????: ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? 10.9 ?? 12.9.
?????? ???????: ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????.
???????? ?????: ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????.
??????? ????? ??????: ???? ?????? 8.8 ??????? ????? ????????? ?????.
???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? 8.8 ????? ?????? ?????? 12.9 ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????.
??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????.
???? ???? Ximingyang? ????? Linmingguan? ????? Yongnian? ????? Handan? ?????? Hebei? ?????